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Molicel INR18650-P28A

Get everything you need for the lithium-ion battery cell Molicel INR18650-P28A: Extensive measurement data in the total operation regime, a high-precision, physical battery model with global validity, and a teardown report that contains all details about materials and microstructures.

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Cell Origin purchased on free market
Cell Format 18650
Dimen­sions 18.3 x 65.1 mm
Weight 45.1 g
Capacity
defin­i­tion
The nominal capacity origi­nates from the manufac­tur­er’s data sheet, if avail­able. When the data sheet is unavail­able, the nominal capacity is estimated. Batemo measured the C/10 capacity by discharging the cell at an ambient temper­a­ture of 25°C from 100% with a constant current of 0.28A (0.1C) until reaching the voltage of 2.5V. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convection.
 nominal 2.80 Ah
C/10 2.63 Ah
Current
defin­i­tion
All quanti­ties are measure­ment results from the Batemo battery labora­tory.
The contin­uous current is the highest current that completely discharges the cell without overheating it. There­fore, the cell is discharged from 100% state of charge (SOC) at an ambient temper­a­ture of 25°C with a constant current until a residual state of charge of 10% and either the lower voltage limit of 2.5V or 90% of the maximum surface temper­a­ture (72°C) is reached.
The peak current is the current that the cell can supply for 5 minutes. The cell is there­fore discharged from 100% SOC at an ambient temper­a­ture of 25°C with a constant current until it reaches either the lower voltage limit of 2.5V or the maximum surface temper­a­ture of 80°C after 5 minutes. For cells that reach the maximum surface temper­a­ture, the measured current is taken directly as the peak current. For cells that do not reach the maximum surface temper­a­ture after 5 minutes because they reach the lower voltage limit first, the measured current is multi­plied by a correc­tion factor that estimates the current that would have heated the cell to the maximum surface temper­a­ture within 5 minutes.
The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. These operating conditions may be outside the cell manufacturer’s specification.
 contin­uous 19.1 A
peak 25.9 A
Energy
defin­i­tion
Batemo measured the C/10 energy by discharging the cell at an ambient temper­a­ture of 25°C from 100% with a constant current of 0.28A (0.1C) until reaching the voltage of 2.5V. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convection.
 C/10 9.76 Wh
Power
defin­i­tion
All quanti­ties are measure­ment results from the Batemo battery labora­tory.
The contin­uous power is the highest power that completely discharges the cell without overheating it. There­fore, the cell is discharged from 100% state of charge (SOC) at an ambient temper­a­ture of 25°C with a constant current until a residual state of charge of 10% and either the lower voltage limit of 2.5V or 90% of the maximum surface temper­a­ture ( 72°C) is reached.
The peak power is the power the cell can supply for 5 minutes. The cell is there­fore discharged from 100% SOC at an ambient temper­a­ture of 25°C with a constant current until it reaches either the lower voltage limit of 2.5V or the maximum surface temper­a­ture of 80°C after 5 minutes. For cells that reach the maximum temper­a­ture limit, the measured power is directly taken as peak power. For cells that do not reach the maximum surface temper­a­ture after 5 minutes because they reach the lower voltage limit first, the measured power is multi­plied by a correc­tion factor that estimates the power that would have heated the cell to the maximum surface temper­a­ture within 5 minutes.
The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. These operating conditions may be outside the cell manufacturer’s specification.
 contin­uous 64.8 W
peak 87.4 W
Energy Density
defin­i­tion
The energy densi­ties result from the C/10 energy, the cell weight and the cell volume.
 gravi­metric 217 Wh/kg
volumetric 570 Wh/l
Power Density
defin­i­tion
The power densi­ties result from the peak power, the cell weight and the cell volume.
 gravi­metric 1.94 kW/kg
volumetric 5.10 kW/l

Molicel INR18650-P28A Model

The Batemo Cell Model of the lithium-ion battery cell Molicel INR18650-P28A is a high-preci­sion, physical cell model with global validity. As a digital twin it seamlessly integrates into your research, development and battery analytics by basing your decisions on simula­tions. See the details to learn more about the features and capabil­i­ties of the Batemo Cell Model.

Batemo Cell Model Version 1.313
Release Date September 30, 2024

Batemo demon­strates the accuracy and validity of the Batemo Cell Model by comparing battery simula­tion and measure­ment data in the range given below. Valida­tion is exten­sive, exper­i­mental charac­ter­i­za­tion covers the total opera­tional area of the cell: At low and high temper­a­tures, up to the maximal current and in the whole state of charge range.

State of Charge Range 0 … 100%
Current Range
defin­i­tion

The current range are the electrical current limits as used in the Batemo battery labora­tory. Please see the Molicel INR18650-P28A data sheet for the precise defin­i­tion of the current safe area of opera­tion of the cell.
 -84 A discharge … 11 A charge (-30.0C … 4.0C)
Voltage Range
defin­i­tion

The voltage range are the electrical voltage limits as used in the Batemo battery labora­tory. Please see the Molicel INR18650-P28A data sheet for the precise defin­i­tion of the voltage safe area of opera­tion of the cell.
 2.5 … 4.2 V
Temper­a­ture Range
defin­i­tion

The temper­a­ture range are the thermal limits as used in the Batemo battery labora­tory. Please see the Molicel INR18650-P28A data sheet for the precise defin­i­tion of the temper­a­ture safe area of opera­tion of the cell.
 -20 … 80 °C

Moreover, the valida­tion of the Batemo Cell Model is fully trans­parent. The Batemo Cell Data contains the raw measure­ment and simula­tion data. For all exper­i­ments the voltage, temper­a­ture, power and energy accura­cies are calcu­lated. This allows straight-forward evalu­a­tion and analysis of the Batemo Cell Model validity. The graphs show a selec­tion of charac­ter­istic data of the cell Molicel INR18650-P28A to evaluate the cell performance.

Discharge Charac­ter­is­tics

Molicel_INR18650P28A_const

  • Discharge Charac­ter­is­tics: The electrical and thermal discharge behavior is strongly nonlinear.
  • Pulse Charac­ter­is­tics: The shape of different current pulses changes strongly.
  • Energy Charac­ter­is­tics: The graph visual­izes how much energy the cell can deliver when operated at different powers.
  • Power Charac­ter­is­tics: The more power the cell supplies, the shorter it can deliver the power.
  • Thermal Charac­ter­is­tics: The greater the thermal losses, the more the cell heats up, resulting in higher depleted power.

Pulse Charac­ter­is­tics

Molicel_INR18650P28A_pulse

show exper­i­ment defin­i­tions

Discharge Charac­ter­is­tics
The cell is discharged from 100% SOC with different constant currents at different ambient temper­a­tures. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C.
Pulse Charac­ter­is­tics
The cell is discharged from 100% SOC with current pulses followed by no-load phases at different ambient temper­a­tures. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The graph shows a zoomed view of the measure­ment to visualize one of the pulses.
Energy Charac­ter­is­tics
The cell is discharged from 100% SOC with different constant currents at 25°C. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The graph shows the derived exchanged energy and average power of the experiment.
Power Charac­ter­is­tics
The cell is discharged from 100% SOC with different constant currents at 25°C. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The graph shows the derived exper­i­ment duration and average power of the experiment.
Thermal Charac­ter­is­tics
The cell is discharged from 100% SOC with different constant currents at 25°C. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The graph shows the cell surface temper­a­ture at the end and the derived average power of the experiment.

Energy Charac­ter­is­tics

How much energy can it deliver?

Molicel_INR18650P28A_energy

Power Charac­ter­is­tics

How long can it deliver the power?

Molicel_INR18650P28A_power

Thermal Charac­ter­is­tics

How hot does it get?

Molicel_INR18650P28A_thermal

The mean accura­cies give an overview of the Batemo Cell Model accuracy. There­fore, the root mean square of the differ­ence between the measure­ment and simula­tion result is derived for the voltage, the temper­a­ture, the energy and the power. Relative numbers relate the accuracy to the respec­tive absolute value.

Mean Voltage Accuracy 0.018 V 0.6 %
Mean Temper­a­ture Accuracy 0.5 K 0.5 %
Mean Power Accuracy 0.26 W 0.5 %
Mean Energy Accuracy 0.060 Wh 1.1 %

The Batemo Cell Model precisely describes all aspects of the cell. It is the perfect tool for battery system development.

Molicel INR18650-P28A Data

Batemo offers an exten­sive, exper­i­mental charac­ter­i­za­tion of the lithium-ion battery cell Molicel INR18650-P28A. The data contains measure­ment results in the total opera­tional area of the cell. The descrip­tions and graphs below explain and show the avail­able measure­ments. The Batemo Cell Viewer allows easy and fast analysis, evalu­a­tion and compar­ison of the data. See the details to learn more.

Constant Currents

Molicel_INR18650P28A_validation_const

The cell is discharged from 100% SOC or charged from 0% SOC with different constant currents at different ambient temper­a­tures. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or 4.2V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The graph shows for which ambient temper­a­tures and charging and discharging constant currents measure­ments are available.

Pulse Currents

Molicel_INR18650P28A_validation_pulse

The cell is discharged from 100% SOC or charged from 0% SOC with current pulses followed by no-load phases at different ambient temper­a­tures. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or 4.2V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The graph shows for which ambient temper­a­tures and pulse currents measure­ments are available.

Power Profiles

Ambient
Temper­a­ture		 Avail­able
Profiles
-20 °C profile_check
0 °C profile_check
25 °C profile_check
40 °C profile_check

The cell delivers a typical power profile from 100% SOC at different ambient temper­a­tures. The thermal boundary condi­tion is free convec­tion. The measure­ment stops when reaching either the voltage of 2.5V or the surface temper­a­ture of 80°C. The table summa­rizes for which ambient temper­a­tures the profile is available.

Molicel INR18650-P28A Report

Batemo offers a detailed report of the lithium-ion battery cell Molicel INR18650-P28A. The report covers all impor­tant aspects about the cell. This infor­ma­tion greatly helps you to further evaluate and compare the cell. It is a profound basis for your decisions concerning your battery system design. See the details to learn more.

Perfor­mance Overview
Cell Exterior
Cell Interior
Safety Features
Electrode Microstruc­ture and Material